IELTS Speaking Part 3 – Important Topics November 2026

 IELTS Speaking Part 3 – Important Topics November 2026 

### 1\. EDUCATION AND LEARNING

Q1. Do you think traditional classroom teaching is more effective than online learning?

In my view, both methods have their strengths, but classroom teaching offers more direct interaction. Students can immediately clarify doubts, participate in discussions and receive personal feedback from their teachers. For instance, a learner struggling with mathematics may understand a difficult concept more easily when the teacher demonstrates it in person. Online platforms offer flexibility, but they cannot always provide the same level of engagement.

Q2. Should schools focus more on practical skills than academic subjects?

I believe a balance between the two is essential, although practical skills deserve greater attention than they currently receive. Academic knowledge provides a foundation, whereas practical abilities prepare young people for everyday responsibilities. For example, teaching students financial literacy could help them manage budgets, understand savings and avoid unnecessary debt. Such skills are directly applicable to adult life.

Q3. Why do some people continue learning even after completing their formal education?

One major reason is that knowledge and professional requirements are constantly evolving. Individuals often need to update their skills to remain competitive and adapt to changing circumstances. For instance, someone working in technology may have to learn new software or programming tools to keep pace with industry developments. Continuous learning also broadens people's perspectives and creates opportunities for career progression.

Q4. Is it better for children to learn independently or with the guidance of teachers?

I would argue that teacher guidance is particularly important during the early stages of education. Children may struggle to identify their mistakes or distinguish reliable information from misleading material without proper direction. For example, a teacher can explain difficult concepts, encourage curiosity and provide constructive feedback. Once students develop confidence and essential learning habits, independent study becomes considerably more effective.

### 2\. WORK AND CAREER

Q1. What factors should people consider when choosing a career?

In my opinion, individuals should consider their interests, abilities and long-term professional prospects rather than focusing exclusively on salary. A career that matches someone's strengths is more likely to provide satisfaction and sustained motivation. For instance, a person with strong communication skills might thrive in teaching, counselling or management. Financial stability is certainly important, but enjoying one's work can have an equally significant influence on overall well-being.

Q2. Do you think job satisfaction is more important than earning a high salary?

I believe job satisfaction plays a crucial role in maintaining long-term professional commitment. Although a generous income provides financial security, it may not compensate for constant stress, an unhealthy workplace or a lack of recognition. For example, someone earning a substantial salary but working excessively long hours may eventually experience burnout. Ideally, people should seek employment that offers both reasonable financial rewards and a supportive working environment.

Q3. How has technology changed the way people work?

One of the most significant changes is the growing flexibility of modern workplaces. Digital communication tools allow employees to collaborate remotely, access information instantly and complete certain tasks without being physically present in an office. For example, international teams can now conduct meetings through video conferencing without travelling between countries. This saves time and reduces commuting expenses, although it can sometimes blur the boundaries between professional and personal life.

Q4. Should employers provide opportunities for professional development?

Absolutely, because continuous training benefits both employees and organisations. When companies invest in their workforce, individuals become better equipped to handle new responsibilities and changing industry demands. For instance, providing leadership workshops or technical training can prepare employees for promotion rather than requiring businesses to recruit externally. Such investment can also improve staff retention and create a more capable workforce.

### 3\. TECHNOLOGY AND DAILY LIFE

Q1. Has technology made people's lives easier?

Without a doubt, technological advancements have simplified many everyday activities. People can now communicate, shop, manage finances and access information without spending hours travelling or waiting in queues. For example, digital banking allows customers to transfer money and pay bills within minutes. Nevertheless, excessive dependence on electronic devices can reduce face-to-face interaction and make people less attentive to their surroundings.

Q2. Do you think children should have access to smartphones?

I believe access should depend on the child's age, maturity and ability to use technology responsibly. Smartphones can support learning, communication and personal safety, but unrestricted access may expose children to inappropriate content and excessive screen time. For instance, educational applications can help students practise mathematics or develop language skills under parental supervision. Therefore, reasonable restrictions and digital guidance are essential.

Q3. Can technology replace human interaction in the future?

I doubt that digital communication will completely replace face-to-face interaction because human relationships involve emotional understanding and non-verbal communication. Although video calls and messaging applications make it easier to stay connected, they cannot always reproduce the warmth of meeting someone personally. For example, discussing a sensitive family matter in person may provide greater emotional reassurance than exchanging messages. Technology should complement human relationships rather than substitute for them.

Q4. What problems can excessive use of technology cause?

One significant concern is its impact on people's physical and mental well-being. Spending prolonged periods in front of screens can contribute to eye strain, poor posture and disrupted sleeping patterns. For instance, individuals who regularly use their phones late at night may struggle to maintain a healthy sleep routine. Excessive digital engagement can also reduce concentration, particularly when people constantly switch between notifications and other activities.

### 4\. ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Q1. What can individuals do to protect the environment?

Individuals can contribute by making more responsible choices in their everyday lives. Reducing household waste, conserving electricity and choosing public transport whenever possible can collectively lower environmental pressure. For example, using reusable shopping bags and avoiding unnecessary plastic packaging can reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills. Although individual actions may seem insignificant, widespread participation can produce meaningful improvements.

Q2. Should governments or individuals take greater responsibility for environmental protection?

I believe governments should take the leading role because they have the authority to introduce regulations and implement large-scale environmental programmes. Individuals can make responsible lifestyle choices, but they cannot independently control industrial emissions or national waste-management systems. For example, stricter pollution standards can encourage factories to adopt cleaner production methods. Public participation is equally important, but effective policy provides the framework for lasting change.

Q3. Why are some people reluctant to adopt environmentally friendly lifestyles?

One major reason is that sustainable alternatives can sometimes be more expensive or inconvenient. People may understand the environmental benefits but prioritise affordability and practicality when making everyday decisions. For instance, someone might prefer driving a private vehicle because public transport is unreliable in their neighbourhood. Improving accessibility and offering financial incentives could encourage wider participation in sustainable practices.

Q4. Should environmental education be introduced at an early age?

Certainly, because childhood is an important stage for developing responsible habits and attitudes. When environmental issues are explained through practical activities, children are more likely to understand how their behaviour affects the natural world. For example, participating in school gardening projects or recycling programmes can teach them about conservation through direct experience. These early lessons may influence their decisions and responsibilities well into adulthood.

Vocabulary to retain for these four topics:

* Education: academic foundation, financial literacy, constructive feedback, continuous learning, career progression.

* Work: professional commitment, financial security, workplace culture, staff retention, workforce development.

* Technology: digital dependence, face-to-face interaction, unrestricted access, non-verbal communication, screen time.

* Environment: environmental pressure, industrial emissions, sustainable practices, waste management, conservation.

5\. CITIES AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Q1. Why are more people moving from rural areas to cities?

One significant reason is the wider availability of employment and educational opportunities in urban areas. Cities generally offer better access to universities, specialised healthcare and professional careers, which can be difficult to find in smaller communities. For instance, young graduates often relocate to major cities to pursue careers in technology, finance or healthcare. Consequently, urban centres continue to attract people seeking better prospects.

Q2. What problems can rapid urbanisation create?

Rapid urbanisation can place considerable pressure on existing infrastructure and public services. When the population grows faster than facilities can accommodate, problems such as traffic congestion, housing shortages and overcrowded hospitals become increasingly common. For example, a city may experience severe commuting difficulties if road networks and public transport systems are not expanded accordingly. Therefore, urban growth needs to be supported by effective long-term planning.

Q3. Should governments preserve old buildings when developing cities?

I believe historically significant buildings should be preserved wherever possible because they represent a city's cultural identity. Modern construction may improve infrastructure, but removing every older structure can gradually erase the character of a place. For instance, restoring traditional markets or heritage buildings can attract visitors while supporting local businesses. A balanced approach would allow cities to modernise without sacrificing their architectural heritage.

Q4. How can cities become more suitable places to live?

One effective approach would be to prioritise accessible public facilities and environmentally sustainable infrastructure. Residents need reliable transport, affordable housing, healthcare facilities and sufficient green spaces to maintain a reasonable quality of life. For example, developing public parks and pedestrian-friendly streets can encourage outdoor activities and reduce dependence on private vehicles. Such improvements would make urban environments healthier and more liveable.

### 6\. TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL

Q1. Why do some people prefer travelling by private vehicles?

The main attraction is convenience and flexibility, particularly for people who have demanding schedules or travel with family members. Private vehicles allow individuals to choose their departure times, routes and destinations without depending on fixed timetables. For example, parents travelling with young children may find driving considerably easier than changing between different forms of public transport. However, this preference can contribute to congestion in densely populated areas.

Q2. How can governments encourage people to use public transport?

Governments should focus on making public transport reliable, affordable and convenient. Many commuters avoid buses or trains because of overcrowding, inconsistent schedules and limited connections between residential and commercial areas. For instance, introducing frequent services and integrated ticketing could make daily journeys considerably easier. If the system becomes dependable, people may be more willing to leave their private vehicles at home.

Q3. Do you think international travel is more beneficial than domestic travel?

Both forms of travel offer valuable experiences, although international journeys can expose people to unfamiliar cultures and different ways of life. Travellers have opportunities to experience foreign traditions, languages and social customs, which can broaden their perspectives. For example, visiting another country may help someone understand cultural differences that they previously knew very little about. Nevertheless, domestic tourism also supports local economies and allows people to appreciate their own country's diversity.

Q4. How has technology changed the way people travel?

Technology has made planning and organising journeys considerably more convenient. Travellers can compare prices, book accommodation, access digital maps and receive real-time transport updates through their smartphones. For example, navigation applications can suggest alternative routes when traffic conditions change unexpectedly. These developments reduce uncertainty and save time, although travellers should avoid relying entirely on digital devices in unfamiliar locations.

### 7\. HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE

Q1. Why do some people find it difficult to maintain a healthy lifestyle?

One major reason is the pressure of modern routines, which often leaves people with limited time for physical activity and proper meal preparation. Long working hours and commuting responsibilities can encourage unhealthy habits, particularly when convenience becomes a priority. For example, someone returning home late may choose takeaway food instead of preparing a balanced meal. Maintaining healthier routines therefore requires realistic planning rather than occasional lifestyle changes.

Q2. Should governments be responsible for improving public health?

I believe governments have a significant responsibility because public health is influenced by factors beyond individual choices. They can improve access to healthcare, regulate food safety and develop facilities that encourage physical activity. For instance, providing affordable community sports centres could make exercise accessible to people from different income groups. Individual responsibility remains important, but government initiatives can create healthier conditions for the wider population.

Q3. Do you think mental health is as important as physical health?

Absolutely, because psychological well-being has a direct influence on people's ability to function effectively in everyday life. Persistent stress or anxiety can affect concentration, relationships and even physical health if left unaddressed. For example, someone experiencing prolonged workplace pressure may develop sleep problems and find it difficult to remain productive. Greater awareness and access to professional support are therefore essential for maintaining overall well-being.

Q4. How can parents encourage children to develop healthy habits?

Parents can have a considerable influence by demonstrating healthy behaviour rather than simply giving instructions. Children are more likely to adopt positive routines when they regularly observe adults making sensible food choices and remaining physically active. For instance, families who prepare meals together or participate in outdoor activities can make healthy living an enjoyable experience. These habits are more likely to continue into adulthood when they become part of everyday family life.

### 8\. MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Q1. How has social media changed the way people receive information?

Social media has made information considerably more accessible by allowing news and updates to circulate almost instantly. People no longer need to wait for scheduled television broadcasts or printed newspapers to learn about major developments. For example, information about emergencies or public announcements can reach large audiences within minutes. However, the speed of distribution also increases the risk of misinformation being shared before it is verified.

Q2. Should people trust everything they read online?

Certainly not, because online information is not always accurate or supported by reliable evidence. Some websites publish misleading claims to attract attention, generate advertising revenue or influence public opinion. For instance, an edited photograph or an exaggerated headline can create a completely misleading impression of an event. People should check the original source, compare reports and distinguish verified information from personal opinions.

Q3. Do traditional newspapers still have a role in modern society?

I believe they remain relevant, although their influence has declined considerably with the growth of digital platforms. Established newspapers often have editorial procedures and professional journalists who investigate stories before publication. For example, detailed reports on public policy or economic developments may provide context that short social media posts cannot offer. Their challenge is to adapt to changing reading habits while maintaining journalistic standards.

Q4. Should children be taught how to identify false information?

Absolutely, because digital literacy has become an essential skill in modern education. Young people encounter enormous amounts of online content, and they may not always recognise manipulated images, misleading headlines or unreliable sources. For instance, teaching students to verify information across reputable websites can prevent them from accepting every online claim as fact. Developing critical thinking at an early age can make them more responsible digital citizens.

Vocabulary to retain

* Cities: Urbanisation, infrastructure, heritage preservation, residential development, liveability.

* Transport: Commuting flexibility, integrated ticketing, congestion, domestic tourism, real-time updates.

* Health: Psychological well-being, balanced nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, preventive healthcare, physical activity.

* Media: Misinformation, editorial standards, digital literacy, verified sources, critical thinking.

### 9\. YOUTH AND FUTURE GENERATIONS

Q1. Do young people today face more pressure than previous generations?

I would say young people face a different, and in some ways greater, kind of pressure today. Apart from academic and professional expectations, they are constantly exposed to social comparisons through digital platforms. For instance, seeing others showcase their achievements online may create unrealistic expectations about success. This can affect their confidence and mental well-being, making emotional support particularly important.

Q2. Should young people be encouraged to take risks?

Certainly, provided those risks are considered rather than impulsive. Taking on unfamiliar challenges allows young individuals to discover their abilities, develop independence and become more comfortable dealing with uncertainty. For example, starting a small business or studying abroad can teach valuable lessons that cannot always be gained through formal education. Such experiences can build resilience and prepare them for future responsibilities.

Q3. What can older generations teach younger people?

Older generations can offer valuable guidance based on their personal experiences and the challenges they have overcome. They often have a deeper understanding of patience, financial responsibility and maintaining relationships during difficult circumstances. For example, grandparents may share practical advice about managing household expenses or resolving family disagreements. This exchange of knowledge can help younger people make more informed decisions.

Q4. Is it important for young people to learn financial management?

Absolutely, because financial decisions made early in life can influence someone's long-term stability. Understanding budgeting, saving and responsible borrowing helps young adults avoid unnecessary debt and develop financial independence. For instance, a student who learns to manage a monthly allowance may become more disciplined about spending after entering employment. These skills are essential for navigating adult responsibilities confidently.

### 10\. FAMILY AND SOCIAL VALUES

Q1. Why is spending time with family important?

Family relationships provide emotional support and a sense of belonging, particularly during challenging periods. Regular interaction also allows relatives to share experiences, resolve misunderstandings and maintain strong personal connections. For example, having dinner together gives family members an opportunity to discuss their day and understand one another's concerns. These ordinary interactions can strengthen relationships over time.

Q2. Have family relationships changed compared with the past?

Yes, family structures and responsibilities have evolved considerably due to urbanisation, employment patterns and changing social expectations. Many people now live independently or relocate to different cities for professional opportunities, which can reduce everyday contact with relatives. For instance, video calls have become an important way for families living in different countries to stay connected. Although relationships remain valuable, the way people maintain them has changed.

Q3. Should parents allow children to make their own decisions?

I believe children should gradually be given more independence as they develop maturity and judgement. Making age-appropriate decisions teaches them accountability and helps them understand the consequences of their choices. For example, allowing a teenager to organise their study schedule can develop time-management skills. However, parental guidance remains necessary when decisions involve safety or significant long-term consequences.

Q4. Are traditional family values still relevant in modern society?

I believe values such as mutual respect, honesty and responsibility remain highly relevant, regardless of how society changes. Although modern families may follow different lifestyles and arrangements, these principles help maintain trust and understanding between relatives. For example, respecting older family members while also listening to younger people's opinions can encourage healthier communication. The expression of these values may evolve, but their importance has not disappeared.

### 11\. HOUSING AND ACCOMMODATION

Q1. Why do many people prefer living in apartments rather than houses?

One important reason is affordability, particularly in densely populated urban areas where independent houses can be extremely expensive. Apartments also tend to offer shared facilities and security arrangements that some residents find convenient. For example, a residential complex may provide parking, maintenance services and recreational spaces within the same property. These advantages make apartment living a practical choice for many households.

Q2. Do you think owning a house is better than renting one?

I would argue that the decision depends largely on a person's financial circumstances and long-term plans. Purchasing property can provide stability and an opportunity to build an asset, whereas renting offers greater flexibility and involves fewer initial financial commitments. For instance, professionals who frequently relocate may find renting more suitable than investing in a property. Therefore, neither option is universally better.

Q3. What features make a house comfortable to live in?

In my view, comfort depends more on functionality and the overall living environment than on the size of a property. Good ventilation, natural lighting, sufficient storage and a practical layout can make everyday activities considerably easier. For example, a well-designed kitchen and a quiet workspace can improve the daily routine of a family. A comfortable home should support both physical convenience and emotional well-being.

Q4. Should governments provide affordable housing for low-income families?

Certainly, because access to safe accommodation is a basic requirement for maintaining a reasonable standard of living. When housing costs consume most of a household's income, families may struggle to afford healthcare, education and other essential expenses. For instance, subsidised housing schemes can provide greater financial stability to vulnerable households. Such initiatives can also help reduce homelessness and social inequality.

### 12\. MONEY AND SPENDING HABITS

Q1. Why do some people find it difficult to save money?

One major reason is the growing cost of everyday necessities, which leaves many households with limited disposable income. In addition, easy access to online shopping and credit facilities can encourage unnecessary spending. For example, people may regularly purchase items during promotional sales without considering whether they actually need them. Developing a realistic budget can help individuals become more financially disciplined.

Q2. Should children be given pocket money?

I believe providing a reasonable allowance can help children understand the value of money from an early age. When they have a limited amount to manage, they begin learning how to prioritise expenses and delay unnecessary purchases. For instance, a child saving a portion of their weekly allowance to buy a toy develops patience and basic budgeting skills. Parental guidance can make this experience even more educational.

Q3. Do you think people spend too much money on unnecessary things nowadays?

In many cases, yes, partly because advertising and social media encourage constant consumption. People are frequently exposed to new products and lifestyle trends, which can create the impression that purchasing more will improve their quality of life. For example, someone might replace a perfectly functional smartphone simply because a newer model has been released. Greater awareness of personal needs can encourage more responsible spending decisions.

Q4. Is it better to spend money on experiences or material possessions?

I would generally favour spending on meaningful experiences because they often create lasting memories and strengthen personal relationships. Travelling, attending cultural events or spending quality time with loved ones can provide emotional satisfaction beyond the immediate pleasure of purchasing an item. For instance, a family holiday may become a cherished memory for years. However, essential possessions remain important, so a sensible balance is preferable.

Vocabulary to retain

* Youth: Social comparison, emotional resilience, financial independence, personal accountability, informed decisions.

* Family: Sense of belonging, mutual respect, family structure, intergenerational understanding, emotional support.

* Housing: Residential complex, financial commitments, property ownership, affordable accommodation, standard of living.

* Money: Disposable income, unnecessary consumption, budgeting skills, financial discipline, responsible spending.

### 13\. LEISURE ACTIVITIES AND HOBBIES

Q1. Why do people need hobbies outside their work or studies?

In my view, hobbies provide a valuable break from professional and academic responsibilities. They allow individuals to recharge mentally, explore personal interests and reduce the stress associated with demanding routines. For example, someone who spends most of the day working on a computer might enjoy gardening or painting in the evening. Having interests beyond work can contribute significantly to a healthier and more balanced lifestyle.

Q2. Do you think people have less time for hobbies nowadays?

I would say many people struggle to make time for recreational activities because of increasingly demanding schedules. Long working hours, commuting and family responsibilities often leave little room for personal interests. For instance, working professionals may postpone activities they enjoy because they feel obligated to complete household or workplace tasks. This makes it important to establish boundaries and treat leisure as a necessary part of life.

Q3. Should schools encourage children to develop hobbies?

Certainly, because extracurricular interests can support children's development beyond academic achievement. Activities such as music, sports and creative arts help develop confidence, discipline and interpersonal skills. For example, participating in a school drama programme can improve a child's communication abilities and willingness to work with others. Such opportunities allow students to discover their strengths and develop interests that may stay with them throughout adulthood.

Q4. Are indoor hobbies becoming more popular than outdoor activities?

I believe indoor activities have become increasingly attractive because they are convenient and can be enjoyed regardless of weather conditions. Digital entertainment, reading, cooking and online gaming allow people to relax without travelling anywhere. For example, someone living in a crowded city may prefer learning photography or playing an instrument at home rather than spending time outdoors. However, maintaining a balance is important because outdoor activities offer physical and social benefits.

### 14\. CULTURE AND TRADITIONS

Q1. Why is it important to preserve cultural traditions?

Cultural traditions help communities maintain a sense of identity and pass their heritage from one generation to another. They also provide opportunities for people to understand the customs, beliefs and experiences that have shaped their society. For instance, traditional festivals allow younger generations to learn about local music, clothing and food. Preserving these practices helps maintain cultural diversity in an increasingly interconnected world.

Q2. Do you think traditional customs are becoming less popular among young people?

To some extent, yes, because younger generations are increasingly influenced by global entertainment, technology and modern lifestyles. As a result, certain traditional practices may seem less relevant to their everyday routines. For example, young adults living abroad may celebrate local festivals less frequently because of work commitments or geographical distance. Nevertheless, many still value their heritage, particularly during family gatherings and important cultural occasions.

Q3. Should children be taught about their country's history and culture at school?

I strongly believe this should be an essential part of education because it helps children understand their cultural background and historical identity. Learning about important events, traditions and historical figures can also develop a stronger sense of belonging. For example, school projects involving local heritage sites can make history more meaningful than simply memorising dates from textbooks. This knowledge can encourage respect for different communities and their traditions.

Q4. Can globalisation threaten local cultures?

It certainly can, particularly when international trends begin to overshadow traditional practices and local industries. Widespread exposure to global brands, entertainment and lifestyles may gradually influence how people dress, communicate and celebrate important occasions. For instance, younger consumers might increasingly prefer international fashion trends over traditional clothing. However, globalisation also creates opportunities to share cultural traditions internationally, so the outcome largely depends on how communities protect their heritage.

### 15\. COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Q1. Why should people participate in community activities?

Community participation encourages cooperation and helps residents develop stronger relationships with those around them. It also allows individuals to contribute their time and abilities towards improving shared facilities and addressing local concerns. For example, residents who organise neighbourhood clean-up campaigns can improve public spaces while encouraging others to take responsibility for their surroundings. Such involvement creates a stronger sense of belonging.

Q2. Should young people be encouraged to volunteer?

Absolutely, because volunteering develops qualities that cannot always be acquired through classroom learning. It exposes young people to different social circumstances and teaches them empathy, responsibility and teamwork. For instance, helping at a community food bank can make students more aware of the challenges faced by disadvantaged families. These experiences can shape their attitudes towards social responsibility well into adulthood.

Q3. Who should be responsible for helping disadvantaged members of society?

I believe responsibility should be shared between governments, charitable organisations and individuals. Public authorities can provide essential services and financial assistance, while charities often reach vulnerable groups through targeted programmes. For example, local organisations may arrange food distribution or educational support for low-income families. Individual contributions can strengthen these efforts, making assistance more accessible to those who need it.

Q4. How can communities become safer places to live?

One effective approach would be to improve public infrastructure while encouraging stronger cooperation among residents. Well-lit streets, accessible emergency services and properly maintained public spaces can discourage antisocial behaviour. For example, neighbourhood watch programmes can help residents report suspicious activities and support local authorities. A combination of preventive measures and community involvement can create a safer living environment.

### 16\. GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC SERVICES

Q1. Which public services should governments prioritise?

In my opinion, healthcare, education and public transport should receive particular attention because they directly influence people's quality of life. Reliable access to these services allows individuals to meet essential needs regardless of their financial circumstances. For example, affordable healthcare can prevent minor medical problems from becoming serious conditions. Investing in these areas also contributes to a more productive and equitable society.

Q2. Should governments spend more money on public transport than on building roads?

I would generally favour greater investment in public transport, particularly in densely populated cities where traffic congestion is a persistent problem. Efficient bus and rail networks can accommodate large numbers of commuters while reducing dependence on private vehicles. For instance, expanding metro services could shorten daily journeys and lower vehicle emissions. However, maintaining existing roads remains necessary for emergency services and areas without adequate public transport.

Q3. Do you think public services should be available to everyone free of charge?

I believe essential services should be accessible to everyone, although the funding arrangements may differ depending on the service. Healthcare and basic education, for example, should not become inaccessible simply because someone has a limited income. A publicly funded healthcare system can ensure that people receive necessary treatment without facing overwhelming expenses. However, governments must manage public budgets carefully to maintain service quality and long-term sustainability.

Q4. How can governments improve the quality of public services?

One important measure would be to invest in modern infrastructure and improve the training of public-sector employees. Services become more efficient when staff have appropriate resources, clear procedures and the necessary professional skills. For example, introducing online appointment systems in government hospitals could reduce waiting times and make access more convenient. Regular public feedback can also help authorities identify shortcomings and make meaningful improvements.

Vocabulary to retain

* Leisure: Recreational pursuits, personal interests, work-life balance, extracurricular activities, mental well-being.

* Culture: Cultural heritage, traditional practices, historical identity, cultural diversity, intergenerational knowledge.

* Community: Civic participation, social cohesion, disadvantaged groups, collective responsibility, neighbourhood initiatives.

* Government: Public expenditure, essential services, infrastructure investment, equitable access, long-term sustainability.

### 17\. GLOBALISATION AND ITS EFFECTS

Q1. How has globalisation changed people's lifestyles?

Globalisation has significantly influenced the way people work, communicate and consume products. Greater international connectivity has exposed individuals to different cultures, technologies and employment opportunities. For instance, consumers can purchase products manufactured overseas, while professionals can work for international organisations without relocating. Although this creates considerable opportunities, it may also encourage greater dependence on global markets.

Q2. Do you think globalisation has more advantages than disadvantages?

On balance, I believe globalisation offers substantial benefits, particularly in terms of economic development and knowledge exchange. International trade enables businesses to reach wider markets, while educational and professional exchanges allow individuals to acquire valuable skills. For example, developing countries can benefit from international investment and technological expertise. Nevertheless, governments must address issues such as unequal competition and the decline of certain local industries.

Q3. Should countries protect their local businesses from international competition?

I believe some level of protection is necessary, particularly for small businesses and emerging industries that may struggle to compete with multinational corporations. Without appropriate support, local producers could lose market share despite offering valuable products and employment opportunities. For example, financial assistance and targeted incentives can help small manufacturers modernise their operations. However, protection should not eliminate competition, as this could discourage innovation.

Q4. Can globalisation lead to the loss of cultural identity?

It can, particularly when international lifestyles and commercial influences gradually overshadow local customs and traditions. Younger generations may become more familiar with foreign entertainment and consumer trends than with their own cultural heritage. For instance, traditional clothing or regional languages may receive less attention in communities heavily influenced by global media. However, cultural education and preservation initiatives can help societies remain connected to their roots.

### 18\. ART AND CREATIVITY

Q1. Why should art be included in school education?

Art deserves a place in education because it encourages creativity, independent thinking and emotional expression. Unlike subjects that primarily focus on established facts, artistic activities allow students to explore different perspectives and communicate ideas in original ways. For example, painting and drama can help children develop imagination and confidence. These abilities can complement academic learning and contribute to their overall development.

Q2. Do governments have a responsibility to support artists?

I believe governments should provide reasonable support because artistic activities contribute to cultural development and public life. Financial assistance, exhibition spaces and community programmes can help talented individuals pursue creative careers without facing excessive financial pressure. For instance, publicly funded galleries can provide emerging artists with opportunities to showcase their work. Such investment also makes cultural experiences more accessible to the wider population.

Q3. Is traditional art as important as modern art?

Both forms deserve equal recognition because they serve different cultural and artistic purposes. Traditional art preserves historical techniques, beliefs and cultural identities, whereas modern art often reflects contemporary experiences and challenges established conventions. For example, traditional pottery may represent a region's craftsmanship, while modern installations can explore environmental or social issues. Supporting both forms ensures that artistic expression continues to evolve without losing its historical foundations.

Q4. Can creativity be developed, or is it an inborn ability?

I would argue that creativity can certainly be developed through exposure, practice and encouragement. Although some individuals may demonstrate a natural inclination towards artistic thinking, creative abilities generally improve when people are given opportunities to experiment. For instance, children who regularly participate in drawing, storytelling or problem-solving activities may become more imaginative over time. Therefore, an environment that encourages exploration is essential for nurturing creativity.

### 19\. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION

Q1. Why is scientific research important for society?

Scientific research is essential because it helps societies address complex problems and improve living standards. Advances in medicine, agriculture and engineering have made it possible to overcome challenges that previously had limited solutions. For example, medical research has contributed to the development of more effective treatments and diagnostic technologies. Continued investment in research is therefore necessary for long-term social and economic progress.

Q2. Should governments spend more money on scientific research?

I believe public funding should be increased in areas where research can produce significant social benefits. Private organisations may prioritise commercially profitable projects, whereas government funding can support research addressing broader public needs. For instance, investment in renewable energy research can contribute to reducing dependence on fossil fuels. However, funding should be allocated transparently and evaluated according to measurable outcomes.

Q3. Do technological innovations always improve people's lives?

Not necessarily, because technological progress can create challenges alongside its benefits. Although automation improves efficiency and reduces repetitive work, it may also displace workers whose skills are no longer in demand. For example, certain manufacturing processes now require fewer employees because machines perform tasks previously completed manually. Therefore, innovation should be accompanied by appropriate training programmes and policies that help people adapt.

Q4. Should children be encouraged to study science from an early age?

Certainly, because early exposure can develop curiosity, analytical thinking and an understanding of the natural world. Practical experiments allow children to investigate how things work rather than simply memorising scientific information. For example, observing plant growth can introduce basic concepts related to biology and environmental conditions. Such experiences may also encourage students to consider scientific careers in the future.

### 20\. LIFESTYLE CHANGES IN MODERN SOCIETY

Q1. How have people's lifestyles changed over the last few decades?

Modern lifestyles have become increasingly technology-driven, with significant changes in communication, employment and daily routines. Many activities that once required considerable time can now be completed through digital platforms. For example, online banking and remote working have reduced the need for frequent travel. However, greater convenience has also contributed to more sedentary habits and increased screen exposure.

Q2. Do you think people today have a better work-life balance than in the past?

I would suggest that the situation is mixed, as technological developments have created both flexibility and additional pressure. Remote working allows some individuals to manage personal responsibilities more effectively, but constant digital connectivity can make it difficult to disconnect from professional obligations. For instance, employees may continue responding to work-related messages outside normal office hours. Consequently, clear workplace boundaries are increasingly important.

Q3. Why are people becoming more interested in healthy lifestyles?

Growing awareness of the relationship between daily habits and long-term health is one of the main reasons. Access to health information has encouraged individuals to pay greater attention to nutrition, physical activity and preventive healthcare. For example, many people now monitor their daily activity levels and make more informed dietary choices. This increased awareness reflects a broader recognition of the importance of maintaining overall well-being.

Q4. Do you think modern lifestyles have made people less socially connected?

In certain respects, digital communication has reduced the need for direct social interaction. Although people can maintain relationships through messaging applications and social networking platforms, these exchanges may not provide the same depth as regular face-to-face conversations. For example, family members living in the same household may spend considerable time using separate devices. Maintaining meaningful relationships therefore requires deliberate efforts to spend quality time together.

Vocabulary to retain

* Globalisation: International connectivity, multinational corporations, cultural preservation, economic integration, market competition.

* Art: Artistic expression, cultural heritage, creative thinking, public funding, contemporary perspectives.

* Science: Scientific research, technological advancement, renewable energy, automation, evidence-based innovation.

* Lifestyle: Digital connectivity, sedentary behaviour, preventive healthcare, work-life balance, overall well-being.