IELTS Writing Academic Task 1: Most Essential Topics for August 2026! 📚
Bar Chart 1
Percentage of households using AI home devices in six countries in 2015 and 2025
The bar chart compares the proportion of households equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) home devices across six countries in 2015 and 2025.
Overall, AI adoption increased substantially in every nation over the decade. China recorded the highest percentages in both years, whereas India remained the least connected despite experiencing remarkable growth.
In 2015, China led the ranking, with 35% of households using AI devices. The corresponding figures for the USA, Japan and the UK were considerably lower at 22%, 20% and 18% respectively, while Germany accounted for 15%. India occupied the final position, with merely 10% of homes adopting this technology.
By 2025, all six countries had witnessed significant upward trends. China retained first place after surging to 80%, representing an increase of 45 percentage points. Likewise, the USA and the UK climbed dramatically to 72% and 65%, respectively. Germany also recorded impressive growth, rising by over threefold from 15% to 58%. Japan followed a similar pattern, reaching exactly 60%, whereas India, despite remaining the lowest, more than quadrupled its proportion to 45%. Overall, the gap between the highest and lowest figures narrowed slightly as AI technology became increasingly widespread worldwide.
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Bar Chart 2
University graduates entering five employment sectors in 2010 and 2025
The bar chart illustrates the percentage of university graduates entering five employment sectors in 2010 and 2025.
Overall, information technology became the most attractive career choice by 2025, whereas engineering and business lost popularity. Healthcare also experienced a modest improvement over the period.
Initially, business dominated graduate preferences, accounting for 30%, followed by engineering at 25%. In contrast, information technology represented only one-fifth of graduates, while education and healthcare stood at 15% and 10%, respectively.
By 2025, the distribution had shifted noticeably. The proportion choosing IT rose sharply by 10 percentage points to reach 30%, making it the leading employment sector. Healthcare also increased moderately from 10% to 14%. Conversely, business declined to one quarter, while engineering experienced a more pronounced reduction from 25% to 19%. Education registered the smallest change, slipping marginally from 15% to 12%. Overall, graduates appeared to favour rapidly expanding technology-related careers rather than more traditional professional fields, reflecting changing labour-market demands and employment opportunities.
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Bar Chart 3
Renewable energy production by source in five countries
The bar chart compares renewable electricity production from five energy sources in five different countries.
Overall, hydroelectricity and wind power generated the greatest amounts of renewable energy, particularly in China, while geothermal energy contributed the smallest share across all nations.
China was by far the largest producer of both wind and hydro power, generating approximately 800 TWh and 900 TWh respectively. Brazil ranked second for hydroelectricity at around 350 TWh, whereas the USA produced roughly 250 TWh. Germany and India generated considerably lower volumes in comparison.
Regarding solar energy, China again dominated with approximately 500 TWh, more than four times the American figure of 120 TWh. Germany and India produced only moderate amounts, while Brazil contributed the least. Biomass production remained relatively modest in every country, varying between approximately 40 and 200 TWh. Geothermal energy accounted for only a tiny proportion of total renewable output, with no country exceeding 30 TWh. Overall, China overwhelmingly outperformed the remaining nations across almost every renewable source.
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Bar Chart 4
Public transport usage by age group across four cities
The bar chart presents the percentage of people using public transport in four cities across different age groups.
Overall, younger residents relied on public transport considerably more than older people. Tokyo consistently recorded the highest proportions, whereas New York generally had the lowest figures.
Among people aged 16–24, transport usage peaked in Tokyo at 86%, followed by London at 78%. Sydney and New York registered lower percentages of 70% and 65%, respectively. Similar patterns were observed in the 25–34 age category, although the figures declined slightly across all cities.
Usage fell progressively with increasing age. For individuals aged between 35 and 50, the proportions ranged from 38% in New York to 60% in Tokyo. Among those aged 51 and above, dependence on public transport reached its lowest levels, accounting for only 25% in New York and 28% in Sydney. Even so, Tokyo maintained the highest percentage at 40%, while London stood at 30%. Overall, public transport was substantially more popular among younger generations than older adults.
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Bar Chart 5
Household expenditure on five categories
The bar chart illustrates the percentage of average household expenditure allocated to five different categories.
Overall, housing represented by far the largest share of household spending, whereas education accounted for the smallest proportion. Food and leisure occupied similar positions in the overall budget.
Housing absorbed 42% of total expenditure, exceeding the combined percentages allocated to healthcare and education. Food ranked second at 18%, matching the proportion spent on leisure activities. These two categories together represented more than one-third of household budgets.
In contrast, healthcare accounted for a relatively modest 12% of overall spending, while education made up only 10%, making it the least significant expense. The difference between housing and education amounted to 32 percentage points, highlighting the substantial priority given to accommodation costs. Overall, essential living expenses dominated household budgets, whereas comparatively smaller proportions were devoted to social and educational purposes.
Line Graph 1
Electric vehicle sales in five countries (2000–2025)
The graph illustrates electric vehicle sales in five countries between 2000 and 2025.
Overall, all five nations experienced an upward trajectory throughout the period. China emerged as the dominant market by the end, whereas India, despite starting from the lowest base, recorded the most dramatic expansion.
At the beginning of the period, annual sales in every country were relatively modest, with each accounting for well below one million vehicles. The USA occupied first place initially, while Germany and Japan followed at similar levels. China and India represented only a tiny fraction of global sales.
From around 2010 onwards, demand gathered momentum in every market. China, in particular, witnessed exceptional growth, overtaking its competitors before finishing at approximately five million vehicles, which was almost double the American figure. The USA also enjoyed sustained progress, although at a noticeably slower pace. Germany and Japan displayed steady yet less pronounced gains, ending at around three million and two-and-a-half million units respectively. Meanwhile, India showed the steepest proportional rise, climbing from almost negligible sales to nearly two million vehicles by 2025. Overall, China accounted for the largest share of electric vehicle purchases, while the gap separating the leading and trailing markets widened considerably over time.
Line Graph 2
International tourist arrivals over twenty years
The graph illustrates the number of international tourist arrivals between 2005 and 2025.
Overall, overseas travel followed an upward trajectory despite experiencing a temporary setback around 2020. Visitor numbers eventually recovered and reached an all-time high by the end of the period.
At the outset, approximately 450 million tourists travelled internationally. During the following decade, this figure climbed steadily, surpassing 700 million by 2015. A further rise brought the total close to one billion in 2019, meaning arrivals had more than doubled compared with the initial year.
However, the positive trend was briefly interrupted in 2020 when the number of visitors plunged to roughly half the previous level. This represented by far the most significant fluctuation throughout the period. From 2021 onwards, the tourism industry rebounded rapidly as international travel resumed. By 2023, arrivals had recovered to almost three-quarters of their former peak before exceeding one billion in 2025. Overall, the final figure was well over twice the starting point, highlighting the long-term resilience and sustained expansion of global tourism despite one short-lived downturn.
Line Graph 3
Average monthly temperatures in four cities
The graph compares average monthly temperatures in London, Dubai, Sydney and Toronto over a calendar year.
Overall, Dubai remained the hottest city throughout the year, whereas Toronto experienced the widest seasonal variation. By contrast, London's climate was comparatively stable, while Sydney displayed an opposite pattern because of its location in the Southern Hemisphere.
In January, Dubai recorded approximately 20°C, almost twice London's temperature and around four times Toronto's. Meanwhile, Sydney stood at nearly 25°C, making it the warmest location at the beginning of the year.
As the months progressed, temperatures in London and Toronto rose steadily before peaking in July at around 22°C and 27°C respectively. Thereafter, both figures gradually declined, with Toronto ending the year close to freezing. Dubai followed a similar pattern but reached almost 40°C during midsummer before easing slightly. In contrast, Sydney experienced the reverse trend, falling from around 25°C in January to approximately 15°C in July before recovering during the final quarter. Overall, the gap between the warmest and coolest cities was greatest during winter months.
Line Graph 4
Internet usage among different age groups (2005–2025)
The graph illustrates the proportion of internet users in three age groups between 2005 and 2025.
Overall, internet adoption became increasingly widespread across all generations. Teenagers consistently accounted for the highest share, while seniors remained the least connected despite recording the greatest proportional improvement.
In 2005, approximately three-quarters of teenagers used the internet, compared with exactly half of adults. By contrast, only one-fifth of senior citizens were online. During the following decade, all three groups experienced steady progress, although the younger generation continued to maintain a comfortable lead.
By 2025, internet penetration among teenagers had reached almost universal levels at around 98%, leaving very little room for further expansion. Adult usage also climbed considerably to roughly nine-tenths of the population, representing an increase of about 40 percentage points. The most remarkable development occurred among seniors, whose figure quadrupled from one-fifth to nearly four-fifths. Consequently, the gap separating adults and older people narrowed substantially, whereas the difference between teenagers and adults became relatively insignificant. Overall, internet access evolved from being age-dependent to becoming an almost universal feature of daily life.
Line Graph 5
Daily water consumption in four regions over ten years
The graph presents average daily water consumption in four regions over a ten-year period.
Overall, water usage followed contrasting patterns across the regions. The North consistently recorded the highest levels, whereas the East remained the most economical consumer throughout the decade.
Initially, residents in the North used approximately 320 litres per person each day, almost one-third more than those living in the South. The West stood at around 230 litres, while the East consumed barely 180 litres, making it the lowest figure at the beginning of the period.
Over the following years, consumption in the North edged upwards to approximately 360 litres, maintaining its leading position. Likewise, the South experienced moderate growth before finishing just below 300 litres. By comparison, the West fluctuated slightly around the midpoint of the scale before ending close to its original level. The East, however, displayed only a marginal rise of around 20 litres across the entire decade. By the final year, people in the North consumed almost twice as much water as those in the East. Overall, regional differences remained evident despite gradual changes in individual consumption patterns.
Pie Chart 1
Household expenditure by category in Canada (2025)
The pie chart illustrates how household expenditure in Canada was distributed across six categories in 2025.
Overall, housing absorbed the largest proportion of household budgets, whereas healthcare represented the smallest share. Together, housing and food accounted for well over half of total spending.
Housing constituted exactly two-fifths of overall expenditure, making it by far the dominant category. Food ranked second at just over one-fifth, meaning these two essentials collectively represented around three-fifths of the total budget. Transport occupied 15%, equivalent to roughly one-sixth of all expenses.
By comparison, leisure accounted for one-tenth of household spending, while education represented a slightly smaller proportion at 8%. Healthcare made up the remaining 7%, less than one-fifth of the figure allocated to housing. Notably, expenditure on housing was almost double that devoted to food and approximately four times the proportion assigned to leisure. Likewise, education and healthcare together amounted to only 15%, matching the allocation for transport alone. Overall, Canadian households clearly prioritised essential living costs over discretionary expenditure.
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Pie Chart 2
Sources of electricity generation in Australia (2025)
The pie chart compares the proportions of electricity generated from different energy sources in Australia in 2025.
Overall, fossil fuels remained the primary source of electricity, although renewable energy collectively contributed almost half of total production. Nuclear power accounted for only a relatively modest share.
Coal generated exactly one-third of Australia's electricity, making it the single largest contributor. Natural gas followed at one-fifth, meaning conventional fossil fuels together supplied slightly more than half of the nation's electricity. Solar energy represented 15%, while wind accounted for just under one-sixth. Hydroelectric power made up one-tenth of total generation.
Nuclear energy produced the remaining 7%, the smallest proportion among all sources. Interestingly, solar and wind combined generated almost one-third of the country's electricity, equalling the contribution made by coal alone. Furthermore, renewable sources as a whole—solar, wind and hydro—provided 40% of electricity, only 13 percentage points below fossil fuels. Overall, despite the continued dominance of traditional energy sources, cleaner alternatives had established a substantial presence in Australia's electricity mix.
Pie Chart 3
Reasons for using smartphones among adults (2025)
The pie chart illustrates the main purposes for which adults used smartphones in 2025.
Overall, communication remained the dominant purpose, while online learning accounted for the smallest proportion. Communication and entertainment together represented more than half of total smartphone usage.
Communication comprised exactly one-third of all usage, making it the largest segment by a considerable margin. Entertainment ranked second at one-quarter, meaning these two activities collectively accounted for almost three-fifths of overall smartphone use. Social media represented 18%, equivalent to almost one-fifth of the total.
Shopping constituted 12%, while work-related activities made up one-tenth. Online learning occupied the remaining 5%, representing only one-twentieth of total usage. Notably, communication alone exceeded the combined proportions allocated to shopping, work and education. Likewise, entertainment accounted for five times the share devoted to online learning. Overall, the figures suggest that smartphones were used primarily for personal interaction and leisure, whereas professional and educational purposes occupied a comparatively modest proportion.
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Pie Chart 4
Tourist expenditure in Thailand (2025)
The pie chart compares how tourists distributed their spending across six categories while visiting Thailand in 2025.
Overall, accommodation absorbed the largest share of tourist expenditure, whereas entertainment received the smallest allocation. Essentials collectively accounted for a clear majority of total spending.
Accommodation represented 35% of overall expenditure, equivalent to just over one-third of the total. Food and beverages ranked second at one-fifth, while transport accounted for 15%. Together, these three categories made up exactly seven-tenths of all tourist spending.
Shopping constituted 13%, slightly exceeding sightseeing at 10%. Entertainment represented the remaining 7%, making it the least significant expense. Interestingly, accommodation alone attracted the same proportion as shopping, sightseeing and entertainment combined. Similarly, food and transport together accounted for just over one-third of total expenditure, closely matching the proportion allocated to accommodation. Overall, visitors devoted most of their budgets to essential travel requirements, while recreational activities occupied a comparatively limited share.
Pie Chart 5
Government expenditure by sector in 2025
The pie chart illustrates how government expenditure was allocated among six sectors in 2025.
Overall, healthcare received the largest proportion of public spending, whereas environmental protection attracted the smallest allocation. Healthcare, education and infrastructure together accounted for almost three-quarters of the national budget.
Healthcare represented exactly 30% of total expenditure, making it the leading priority. Education ranked second at one-quarter, while infrastructure accounted for one-fifth. Collectively, these three sectors absorbed exactly three-quarters of the government's budget.
Defence comprised one-tenth of overall spending, followed by welfare at 8%. Environmental protection received the remaining 7%, equivalent to just over one-fourteenth of total expenditure. Notably, healthcare alone attracted three times the proportion allocated to defence and more than four times that devoted to environmental initiatives. Likewise, education exceeded the combined shares of welfare and environmental protection by 10 percentage points. Overall, the figures indicate that the government placed considerably greater emphasis on essential public services than on social assistance or environmental programmes, with the latter two accounting for only a relatively modest fraction of total expenditure.
Table 1
Population of five cities (2000 and 2025)
The table compares the populations of five cities in 2000 and 2025.
Overall, every city experienced demographic growth during the period. Mumbai remained the most populous city throughout, while Sydney consistently recorded the smallest population.
In 2000, Mumbai was home to 16 million residents, followed by London with 11 million. New York and Beijing accommodated 8 million and 10 million people respectively, whereas Sydney's population stood at just 4 million, exactly one-quarter of Mumbai's.
By 2025, Mumbai's population had expanded to 25 million, representing an increase of more than half. Beijing experienced the most remarkable growth, almost doubling to 19 million and overtaking London to secure second place. London's figure rose more moderately to 13 million, while New York reached 10 million after a comparatively modest gain of one-quarter. Sydney also recorded steady expansion, climbing to 6 million, which was exactly half of London's population. Overall, although all five cities became larger, Asian metropolitan areas experienced substantially faster demographic expansion than their Western counterparts.
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Table 2
Average monthly salaries in five professions (2025)
The table presents the average monthly salaries earned in five professions in 2025.
Overall, doctors received the highest remuneration, whereas retail workers earned the lowest salaries. Professional occupations consistently attracted considerably greater financial rewards than service-related jobs.
Doctors earned ₹180,000 per month, placing them comfortably at the top of the ranking. Engineers followed with ₹120,000, equivalent to exactly two-thirds of doctors' earnings. Teachers received ₹80,000, amounting to roughly two-thirds of engineers' salaries.
By comparison, police officers earned ₹60,000, while retail employees received just ₹40,000, exactly one-third of the income earned by engineers. The salary paid to doctors exceeded that of retail workers by ₹140,000, meaning medical professionals earned four-and-a-half times as much. Likewise, teachers received exactly twice the income of retail staff and one-third more than police officers. Overall, substantial disparities existed across occupations, with highly specialised careers commanding significantly greater financial compensation than lower-skilled positions.
Table 3
Annual sales of five smartphone brands (2020 and 2025)
The table compares annual smartphone sales for five brands in 2020 and 2025.
Overall, every brand except LG expanded its sales over the period. Samsung remained the market leader, whereas LG experienced the sharpest decline and finished at the bottom of the ranking.
In 2020, Samsung sold 300 million handsets, followed by Apple at 220 million. Xiaomi and Oppo recorded 150 million and 110 million units respectively, while LG accounted for only 80 million, representing just over one-quarter of Samsung's sales.
Five years later, Samsung's total had climbed to 340 million, an increase of around one-seventh. Apple experienced stronger growth, reaching 310 million and narrowing the gap considerably. Xiaomi also performed impressively, with sales surging to 260 million, almost three-quarters higher than its initial figure. Oppo recorded a more moderate rise to 170 million. In contrast, LG's sales fell by one-quarter to only 60 million. Overall, the market became increasingly competitive as Chinese manufacturers strengthened their position, while LG lost a substantial share.
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Table 4
Average daily screen time by age group (2025)
The table presents the average number of hours spent using digital devices by five age groups in 2025.
Overall, younger people devoted considerably more time to screens than older adults. Teenagers recorded the highest daily usage, whereas senior citizens spent the least amount of time on digital devices.
Teenagers averaged 8 hours per day, followed by young adults at 7 hours. Adults aged 35–49 spent approximately 6 hours using electronic devices, while the 50–64 age group recorded 4 hours.
By comparison, people aged 65 and above used screens for only 3 hours daily, amounting to less than half the figure recorded for teenagers. Likewise, young adults spent roughly one-third more time online than middle-aged adults and more than twice as long as senior citizens. The difference between the highest and lowest figures stood at 5 hours, highlighting a substantial generational gap. Overall, screen usage gradually declined with age, indicating that digital technology played a far greater role in the daily routines of younger generations than older members of society.
Table 5
Life expectancy in five countries (2000 and 2025)
The table compares life expectancy in five countries in 2000 and 2025.
Overall, longevity improved in every country over the period. Japan consistently recorded the highest life expectancy, while India remained at the bottom despite experiencing the greatest improvement.
In 2000, the average lifespan in Japan stood at 81 years, followed by Australia at 79 years. Canada and the United Kingdom recorded similar figures of 78 and 77 years respectively, whereas India averaged only 63 years, almost one-fifth lower than Japan.
By 2025, Japan's figure had risen modestly to 85 years, maintaining its leading position. Australia reached 83 years, while Canada and the United Kingdom climbed to 82 and 81 years respectively. India experienced the most significant progress, advancing to 72 years, representing an increase of 9 years, or approximately one-seventh. Nevertheless, its average lifespan remained 13 years below that of Japan. Overall, although all five nations witnessed improvements in life expectancy, developed countries continued to enjoy a noticeable advantage, despite the narrowing gap between the highest and lowest figures.
Map 1
A town centre in 2000 and 2025
The maps illustrate the changes that took place in a town centre between 2000 and 2025.
Overall, the town centre underwent extensive redevelopment during the period. Several public facilities were introduced, residential areas expanded considerably, and transport infrastructure became more sophisticated, transforming the area into a modern urban centre.
In 2000, the northern side was dominated by open land, while a small park occupied the north-east corner. A local market stood in the centre, with a post office situated immediately to its west. Residential buildings were concentrated mainly in the southern part of the town, alongside a narrow two-lane road running from east to west.
By 2025, the open land had been converted into a large shopping mall, replacing one of the town's unused spaces. The park was expanded to almost double its original size and included a children's playground. The market gave way to a public library, whereas the post office remained unchanged. In addition, numerous apartment blocks were constructed in the south, replacing several detached houses. The road was widened into a four-lane boulevard with dedicated cycling paths, greatly improving accessibility. Overall, commercial, residential and recreational facilities were significantly enhanced.
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Map 2
An island before and after tourism development
The maps compare an island before and after tourism facilities were introduced.
Overall, the island changed dramatically from an undeveloped area into a well-equipped tourist destination. New accommodation, transport facilities and recreational amenities were established, while the natural coastline was largely preserved.
Initially, the island contained only a small beach on the western coast together with several clusters of trees scattered across the interior. No buildings, roads or other facilities were present, leaving the landscape completely untouched.
Following redevelopment, a reception building was constructed near the central coastline, connected to a pier extending into the sea. A network of footpaths linked this facility to two groups of holiday cottages located on either side of the island. A restaurant was added close to the reception area, while the western beach was designated as a swimming zone. Despite these substantial additions, much of the central woodland remained intact, preserving the island's natural character. Overall, development focused on improving tourist infrastructure without completely replacing the existing environment, thereby creating a balance between commercial use and environmental conservation.
Map 3
A university campus in 2010 and 2025
The maps illustrate the changes that occurred on a university campus between 2010 and 2025.
Overall, the campus experienced substantial modernisation during the period. Academic and recreational facilities were expanded considerably, while open spaces were reduced to accommodate new buildings.
In 2010, the library occupied the centre of the campus, with a science building situated to the north and a sports field in the south-east. A large car park was positioned beside the main entrance, whereas extensive green space covered much of the western side.
By 2025, the science building had been enlarged to almost twice its original size following the redevelopment of the surrounding open land. A new student centre was established immediately east of the library, replacing part of the former garden. The sports field gave way to a modern indoor sports complex, while the car park was relocated underground, allowing additional landscaping at ground level. Furthermore, several pedestrian walkways connected the newly constructed facilities, making movement across the campus considerably easier. Overall, the university became far more compact, accessible and student-oriented than it had been fifteen years earlier.
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Map 4
A coastal village in 1995 and 2025
The maps compare a coastal village in 1995 with the same area thirty years later.
Overall, the village underwent extensive urban development. Residential and commercial facilities expanded significantly, while agricultural land gradually disappeared in favour of modern infrastructure.
In 1995, farmland occupied almost half of the village, extending across the eastern side. A handful of houses were clustered near the coastline, where a small fishing harbour served local residents. A narrow road connected the settlement to neighbouring areas, and woodland bordered the northern edge.
By 2025, nearly all farmland had been transformed into a large residential estate consisting of houses and apartment buildings. The fishing harbour was redeveloped into a marina, attracting recreational boats instead of commercial fishing vessels. A hotel and several restaurants were constructed along the waterfront, replacing a number of older buildings. In addition, the original road was widened into a dual carriageway, improving access to the village. Although part of the woodland was cleared to accommodate new housing, a sizeable section remained protected. Overall, the area evolved from a quiet farming and fishing community into a thriving coastal town with a strong focus on tourism and residential development.
Map 5
A school site in 2005 and 2025
The maps illustrate the changes made to a school site between 2005 and 2025.
Overall, the school underwent significant redevelopment over the two decades. New educational and recreational facilities were introduced, existing buildings were expanded, and the layout became considerably more efficient.
In 2005, the main school building occupied the centre of the site, with a playground located to the south. A small library stood to the east, while a car park was situated near the entrance. The western side consisted largely of open grassland, and a narrow footpath connected the various facilities.
By 2025, the main building had been extended to almost twice its previous size to accommodate additional classrooms. The library was demolished and replaced by a modern science laboratory, while a separate computer centre was constructed on part of the former grassland. The playground was relocated to the western side and enlarged substantially, allowing more space for outdoor activities. In addition, the original car park was expanded to nearly double its capacity, and the narrow footpath was replaced with wider pedestrian walkways linking every major facility. Several trees were planted around the campus, creating a greener and more attractive learning environment.
Process 1
Recycling Plastic Bottles
The diagram illustrates the process of recycling plastic bottles into new products.
Overall, the procedure consists of nine stages, beginning with the collection of discarded plastic bottles and culminating in the manufacture of new consumer goods. The process involves sorting, cleaning, crushing and melting before the recycled material is reshaped.
Initially, used plastic bottles are deposited in dedicated recycling bins before being transported by collection vehicles to a recycling facility. Upon arrival, they are sorted manually or mechanically to remove unsuitable materials. The selected bottles are then thoroughly washed to eliminate dirt and other impurities.
Subsequently, the clean bottles are crushed into small plastic fragments, which are processed into pellets. These pellets are heated until they melt, producing raw plastic material. The molten substance is then formed into usable sheets or blocks before being supplied to manufacturers. In the final stage, the recycled plastic is transformed into a variety of products, including bottles, clothing, food containers and stationery, thereby completing the recycling cycle.
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Process 2
Coffee Production
The diagram shows how coffee is produced from cultivation to the final packaged product.
Overall, coffee production is a linear process comprising eight stages. It commences with the cultivation of coffee plants and concludes with the packaging of roasted coffee ready for sale.
At the outset, coffee beans are grown on plantations until the cherries ripen sufficiently for harvesting. Once collected, the beans are separated from the fruit and spread out under the sun to dry thoroughly. After the drying stage has been completed, the beans are roasted at a high temperature to enhance their flavour and aroma.
Following roasting, the beans are rapidly cooled before being ground into a fine powder using industrial machinery. The ground coffee is subsequently measured and packed into airtight containers or bags to preserve its freshness during transportation and storage. The finished product is then distributed to retailers, where it becomes available for consumer purchase.
Process 3
Wastewater Treatment
The diagram illustrates the process of treating wastewater before it is released into the environment.
Overall, the process comprises eight stages, starting with the collection of wastewater and ending with the discharge of treated water into rivers or its reuse. Throughout the procedure, both physical and biological treatment methods are employed to remove contaminants.
Initially, wastewater from homes and industries is conveyed through underground pipelines to a treatment plant. Upon arrival, large pieces of waste, such as plastic and other debris, are removed using screening equipment. The remaining liquid then enters a settling tank, where heavier particles sink to the bottom while lighter materials float to the surface.
Subsequently, the partially treated water is transferred to an aeration tank, where oxygen is introduced to encourage beneficial bacteria to break down organic matter. After biological treatment, the water passes into a secondary settling tank to separate the remaining solid particles. It is then disinfected using chemicals or ultraviolet light to eliminate harmful microorganisms. In the final stage, the purified water is either safely discharged into nearby water bodies or reused for agricultural and industrial purposes.
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Process 4
Paper Manufacturing
The diagram shows how paper is manufactured from timber.
Overall, paper production is a linear process involving seven stages. It begins with harvesting trees and finishes with the production of paper rolls ready for commercial use.
At the first stage, mature trees are felled in forests before being transported to a paper mill by trucks. There, the logs are stripped of their bark and fed into industrial machines that convert the wood into small chips. These chips are subsequently mixed with water and chemicals to produce wood pulp.
Following this, the pulp undergoes cleaning and bleaching to remove impurities and improve its colour. The refined pulp is then spread evenly onto large moving screens, allowing excess water to drain away. Next, the damp sheet passes through a series of heated rollers, where it is compressed and thoroughly dried. In the final stage, the finished paper is wound into large rolls before being cut into different sizes or packaged for distribution to manufacturers and retailers.
Process 5
Electricity Generation in a Hydroelectric Power Station
The diagram illustrates how electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power station.
Overall, the process consists of eight stages, commencing with the storage of water in a reservoir and ending with the transmission of electricity to consumers. Water is recycled continuously between the upper and lower reservoirs, allowing the system to operate efficiently.
Initially, river water is retained behind a dam, forming a large reservoir. During periods of high electricity demand, the intake gate is opened, enabling water to flow rapidly through a large pipe towards the power station. As the water passes through the pipeline, it rotates a series of turbines.
The spinning turbines drive a generator, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electricity produced is subsequently transmitted through high-voltage power lines to the national grid before being supplied to homes, businesses and industries. Meanwhile, the water is discharged into a lower reservoir after passing through the turbines. During periods of low demand, the flow is reversed, and powerful pumps return the water to the upper reservoir through the same pipeline. This recycling system enables the power station to generate electricity repeatedly without consuming additional water.
Mixed Chart 1 (Bar Chart + Line Graph)
International Tourist Arrivals and Tourism Revenue (2015–2025)
The bar chart compares the number of international tourists visiting a country between 2015 and 2025, while the line graph illustrates tourism revenue over the same period.
Overall, both indicators followed an upward trend despite a temporary decline midway through the period. Tourist arrivals reached their highest level in 2025, accompanied by record tourism revenue.
In 2015, the country welcomed 12 million visitors and generated US$18 billion in tourism revenue. Visitor numbers climbed steadily to 18 million in 2019, whereas revenue rose more rapidly to US$28 billion. However, both figures declined noticeably in 2020, with arrivals falling to 10 million and revenue dropping to US$15 billion, representing decreases of almost half compared with their previous peaks.
Recovery was evident thereafter. Tourist numbers rebounded to 15 million in 2022 before reaching 22 million by 2025, almost double the figure recorded in 2015. Likewise, tourism revenue surged to US$36 billion in the final year, exactly twice its initial value. The increase in revenue consistently outpaced the growth in visitor numbers, indicating higher spending per tourist over time.
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Mixed Chart 2 (Pie Chart + Table)
Sources of Household Energy and Average Monthly Consumption (2025)
The pie chart illustrates the proportion of household energy supplied by different sources, while the table presents the average monthly consumption for each source in 2025.
Overall, electricity accounted for the largest share of household energy, whereas solar energy contributed the smallest proportion despite growing adoption. Electricity also recorded the highest monthly consumption.
Electricity represented 40% of total household energy, followed by natural gas at 30%. Renewable sources, including solar and wind, together accounted for one-quarter of overall consumption, while the remaining 5% was supplied by other sources.
According to the table, households consumed an average of 320 kWh of electricity each month, substantially exceeding the figures for all other energy sources. Natural gas averaged 180 units, amounting to just over half the electricity figure. Wind and solar recorded 70 and 50 units respectively, while other sources contributed only 20 units. The data suggest that although renewable energy formed a meaningful proportion of the overall energy mix, conventional sources continued to dominate household consumption patterns.
Mixed Chart 3 (Line Graph + Table)
Internet Users and Average Daily Screen Time (2015–2025)
The line graph illustrates the percentage of people using the internet between 2015 and 2025, while the table presents the average daily screen time over the same period.
Overall, both internet usage and daily screen time increased steadily throughout the decade. By 2025, internet access had become almost universal, accompanied by a noticeable rise in the number of hours spent on digital devices.
In 2015, 58% of the population used the internet, while the average daily screen time stood at 3.2 hours. The proportion of users climbed gradually to 72% in 2019 before reaching 85% in 2022. During the same period, average screen time increased from 3.2 to 5.1 hours.
By 2025, internet penetration had risen further to 94%, representing an increase of 36 percentage points from the initial figure. Likewise, daily screen time reached 6.3 hours, almost double the level recorded in 2015. The data indicate that greater internet accessibility was accompanied by a substantial increase in digital engagement, with both measures following a similar upward trajectory.
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Mixed Chart 4 (Bar Chart + Pie Chart)
Modes of Transport and Passenger Distribution (2025)
The bar chart compares the annual number of passengers travelling by five transport modes, while the pie chart shows each mode's share of total passenger journeys in 2025.
Overall, buses carried the greatest number of passengers and consequently accounted for the largest proportion of total journeys. By contrast, taxis recorded the lowest figures in both the bar chart and the pie chart.
Buses transported 180 million passengers during the year, followed by the metro at 150 million. Rail services carried 120 million people, whereas private cars accounted for 90 million journeys. Taxis served only 60 million passengers, amounting to exactly one-third of the bus total.
The pie chart reflects a similar pattern. Buses represented 30% of all passenger journeys, while the metro contributed one-quarter. Rail services made up one-fifth, leaving private cars and taxis with 15% and 10% respectively. Taken together, public transport modes accounted for three-quarters of all journeys, highlighting their dominant role in the country's transportation network.
Mixed Chart 5 (Table + Pie Chart)
Household Expenditure and Spending Distribution (2025)
The table compares the average monthly expenditure of households across five categories, while the pie chart illustrates the proportion that each category contributes to total spending in 2025.
Overall, housing represented the largest household expense, accounting for the greatest share of total expenditure. In contrast, entertainment required the least spending in both the table and the pie chart.
According to the table, households spent an average of ₹30,000 per month on housing, followed by food at ₹18,000. Transport and healthcare accounted for ₹12,000 and ₹8,000 respectively, whereas entertainment required only ₹7,000, amounting to less than one-quarter of housing costs.
The pie chart shows that housing constituted 40% of total household expenditure. Food represented almost one-quarter at 24%, while transport made up 16%. Healthcare and entertainment accounted for 11% and 9% respectively. Combined, housing and food absorbed almost two-thirds of the monthly budget, highlighting the priority given to essential living expenses over discretionary spending.
